Joy perfume tree, j'oubli
Pentadiplandra brazzeana

Family: Pentadiplandraceae

What it is like

Pentadiplandra brazzeana or commonly known as Joy Perfume Tree is a tropical plant that has two forms - it can be a small and climbing plant that can be up to 20 m long or a well-branched shrub that can be up to 5 m tall. It is the only species in the Pentadiplandra genus and it can be found in Africa. The roots are used medicinally to treat a wide range of conditions that are mostly related to childbirth and skin problems. Decoction of the leaves is used against scabies. The fruits are edible. It is a globose berry with a sweet and red pulp. The root is occasionally eaten as a vegetable.

Pentadiplandra brazzeana is an evergreen Climber growing to 12 m (39ft) by 0.5 m (1ft 8in) at a fast rate. See above for USDA hardiness. It is hardy to UK zone 10. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: mildly acid, neutral and basic (mildly alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers moist soil.

Height (m): 12

Where it is found

Common in upland primary forest dominated by Scorodophleus zenkeri, and also commonly occurs on river banks and in secondary forest. In Cameroon, the plant is mainly found in forest edges bordering savannah. It is nowhere gregarious.

Tropical Africa - Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo. Northern Angola.

Conservation Status: This taxon has not yet been assessed

Countries/locations it is found in

Africa, Cameroon, Central Africa, Congo DR, Congo R, Gabon,

How it is used

Food

Rating: 4

Fruit - raw or as a flavouring. The red pulp is eaten as a snack, especially by children, or is sometimes used to sweeten maize porridge. The red or mottled grey fruit is a globose berry 35 - 50mm in diameter, containing many seeds. The protein brazzein, originally extracted from the fruit pulp, . An extremely sweet crude protein, named pentadin, has been isolated from the fruits; in the 1990's the purified protein was isolated and called brazzein. Its temporal profile closely resembles that of sucrose, but develops somewhat more slowly and lasts longer. It is very thermo-stable and its sweetness profile does not diminish after incubation at 100°c for 4 hours. It is also stable over a wide pH range and is the most water-soluble protein sweetener discovered so far. Brazzein is reported to be between 500 and 2,000 times sweeter than sucrose depending on the method of measuring. It is being developed into a low-calorie sweetener for the food industry - however, as of early 2008, brazzein had not yet been granted GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status in the United States nor had it been granted permission for use in foods in the European Union. The root is reportedly occasionally eaten as a vegetable. The powdered root bark is said to be an ingredient of the cheap but dangerous 'African whiskey in sachets'.

Root: includes bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes etc.

Condiment: the various plants that are used as flavourings, either as herbs, spices or condiments.

Sweetener: includes sugar substitutes.

Medicine

Rating: 4

The roots, which taste like horseradish, are used throughout central Africa to treat a wide range of conditions, but particularly to remedy several problems related to giving birth and also to deal with a range of skin problems. Phytochemical analyses of the root have led to the isolation of urea derivatives including sulphur-containing compounds. Carbamates obtained from the roots have shown antibacterial properties in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and against the yeast Candida albicans. The root is also rich in glucosinolates and is believed to contribute to the revitalizing of collagen and to restore skin tonicity. Crude extracts of tubers have revealed moderately strong antiplasmodial activity in vitro, but were not as effective as chloroquine. An aqueous extract of the root given to rats increased the weight of their testes and prostate as well as their testosterone levels The roots are antibacterial, aphrodisiac, cathartic, emmenagogue, laxative, purgative. They are widely used by women to assist in the birth process and also to deal with problems related to the uro-genital system. A root decoction can stimulate uterine contractions and has been used to induce abortion - it should generally be avoided by pregnant women until the later stages of the pregnancy. A root decoction is given orally, or applied as an enema, to facilitate the expulsion of the placenta, and is also said to prevent haemorrhages after parturition. The root bark is one of more than 20 constituents of the yellow, slimy 'nkui' sauce made by the Bamileke people of Cameroon; this sauce is given to mothers who have just given birth in order to stimulate milk production. A root decoction is given orally or applied as an enema to help in reducing pain caused by hernia. The crushed root or root bark is applied, or an infusion drunk, to soothe chest pain, toothache, lumbago, rheumatism and haemorrhoids. The macerated roots, either alone or mixed with other ingredients, are taken orally or applied as an enema against malaria. Capsicum pepper is added to macerated roots to prepare a drink that soothes cough. A decoction of the bark, combined with the bark and roots of other plants, is taken as a treatment against stiffness or weakness of the limbs and back. The roots and tubers are also commonly used in the treatment of intestinal problems such as dysentery, colic, urethritis, gonorrhoea and other uro-genital infections. A decoction of the tuber, as well as the juice from macerated roots, is combined with pounded leaves and drunk as an anthelmintic. A root decoction is taken to treat pneumonia and serious bronchitis. The fresh root is pulped, or the dry root pounded and mixed with palm oil, to make an ointment for topical application to prevent infections of the navel in newborn babies. Because the plant is vesicant, the duration of this treatment must be limited to avoid blistering. A powder of dried root bark is applied to scarifications to treat intercostal and abdominal pains. The crushed root is used to treat several skin infections. The pulped roots are applied externally against itch and as an antiseptic, and to treat wounds, sores, ulcers and furuncles. The roots are applied to the abdomen to treat oedema. A root preparation, combined with the leaves of Kalanchoe crenata, is used as nose drops to stop epileptic crises. A leaf decoction is used to wash the skin against scabies.

Abortifacient: Causes an abortion.

Anthelmintic: Expels parasites from the gut.

Antibacterial: Kills bacteria.

Antihaemorrhoidal: Treats haemorrhoids (piles). This would probably be best added to another heading.

Antirheumatic: Treats rheumatism.

Antiseptic: Preventing sepsis, decay or putrefaction, it destroys or arrests the growth of micro-organisms.

Aphrodisiac: Increases the sexual appetite.

Cathartic: A strong laxative but less violent than a purgative.

Dysentery: Used in treating dysentery - an infection of the intestines that causes diarrhoea containing blood or mucus.

Emmenagogue: Promotes or increases the menstrual flow. In early stages of pregnancy it can induce an abortion.

Epilepsy: Used in the treatment of Epilepsy - a disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures.

Laxative: Stimulates bowel movements in a fairly gentle manner.

Malaria: Treats malaria - an acute febrile illness caused by Plasmodium parasites spread to people through the bites of mosquitos.

Parasiticide: Treats external parasites such as ringworm This should perhaps be joined with Parasiticide in

Purgative: A drastic laxative causing a cleansing or watery evacuation of the bowels, usually with a griping pain.

Skin: Plants used in miscellaneous treatments for the skin.

Vesicant: A blistering agent.

Other

Rating: 2

Other Uses The roots smell of aspirin and are hung over the doorway or are placed inside the roof to keep away snakes.

Parasiticide: Kills external body parasites such as hair lice.

Repellent: Plants that are said to deter but not necessarily kill various mammals, birds, insects etc.

Teeth: Plants used to clean and care for the teeth.

How it is grown

The flowers can be single-sex or bisexual. The flowering period continues for several months; fruit production is normally low and spread out, though shrubby plants seem to have a shorter but more condensed fruiting season. Unconsumed fruits rot on the plant, without falling. They serve as temporary nesting sites to arboreal ants. Seed dispersal is facilitated by the contrast between the extreme sweetness of the pulp of the fruit and the unpleasant bitter taste of seeds, provoking consumers to spit out the seeds. In natural habitats, squirrels, monkeys and apes contribute to the distribution of the seed; in the vicinity of human habitation, distribution by children into secondary habitats is common. Commercial interest in brazzein, the protein obtained from the fruit, is strong. The technology to extract the protein from the fruit pulp as well as technologies to produce brazzein by transferring the gene coding for brazzein into other organisms have been patented, without the intention of benefit sharing. The gene encoding for brazzein has been transferred to the bacteria Escherichia coli and Lactococcus lactis and to maize. Bacterial production systems for brazzein have been developed. Mutants and sections of brazzein have been discovered with sweet-taste properties superior to those of the natural protein.

Propagating it: Seed -

Best place to grow:

Habit: Climber

Hardiness: 10-12

Growth: Fast

Soil: Light (sandy), medium, heavy (clay)

Shade: No shade

Moisture: Moist

Things to keep in mind

The fruit is used as fish poison.

Its other names

Local names

Joy perfume tree, j'oubli, Amelalokulu, Digabi, Etekele, Mandangela, Ophana, Tophanda, i'oubli, oubli.

Synonyms

Cercopetalum dasyanthum Gilg Pentadiplandra gossweileri Exell